Pamukkale’s story stretches back millions of years. Mineral-rich thermal waters, heated deep within the earth’s crust, have been flowing down the hillside for centuries. As the hot water reached the surface, it cooled and deposited calcium carbonate, gradually forming the dazzling white travertine terraces we see today. Over countless centuries, this slow, natural process created Pamukkale’s surreal “cotton castle” appearance — so unique that it’s considered one of the natural wonders of the world.

But Pamukkale is not only a geological masterpiece — it’s also a place deeply woven into human history. Ancient people recognized its healing and relaxing qualities long before modern tourism. Around the 2nd century BC, the kings of Pergamon founded the city of Hierapolis directly above the travertines. They envisioned it as both a spa retreat and a religious center, and the city flourished for centuries.

When the Roman Empire took control, Hierapolis became one of the most popular spa towns in the entire empire. Wealthy Romans, aristocrats, and travelers from all corners of the Mediterranean came here for treatment in the warm mineral baths, believing the waters could cure various illnesses — from skin conditions to joint problems. The city grew into a thriving settlement, complete with a grand theatre, temples, streets paved with stone, and lavish bath complexes.

During the Byzantine period, Pamukkale’s role shifted from purely a health destination to also a significant Christian pilgrimage site. Several churches and religious buildings were built, including the Martyrium of St. Philip, believed to be the burial place of the Apostle Philip. Pilgrims would bathe in the sacred waters as part of their spiritual journey.

The city faced several devastating earthquakes, the most destructive occurring in the 7th century AD, which damaged many of its grand structures. However, people continued to live here, rebuilding parts of the city and maintaining its role as a religious and healing center.

Today, walking through Hierapolis is like stepping back in time. You can wander along the ancient colonnaded streets, visit the remarkably preserved Roman Theatre, see the grand Frontinus Gate, and imagine the bustling life that once filled this spa city. The combination of breathtaking natural beauty and rich historical heritage is what makes Pamukkale such a must-see destination.

This unique blend of nature and history is exactly why Pamukkale, along with Hierapolis, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Whether you come for the scenery, the history, or the healing waters, you are part of a tradition that spans thousands of years.